Methodology

Citation styles

• APA — follows the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition (2020) and the APA Style website.
• MLA — follows the MLA Handbook, 9th edition (2021) and the MLA Style Center.
• Chicago — Notes-Bibliography variant of the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition (2017).
• Harvard — Cite Them Right (Pears & Shields, 12th edition), the most widely used Harvard variant.

Reading and speaking speed

Reading time uses 225 words per minute for adult silent reading, based on the meta-analysis by Brysbaert (2019). Speaking time uses 130 wpm aligned with Toastmasters guidance for a conversational presentation pace.

GPA scales

• Unweighted 4.0 — College Board standard.
• 4.3 (A+ counts) — common at universities such as MIT and most graduate programs.
• Weighted 5.0 — common at U.S. high schools for AP and IB courses.

Edge cases and corrections

Every formatter is tested against a corpus of published examples from each manual. If you find an output that diverges from the official manual, email us with the example and we will publish the fix.